I. Inayiloni 66: ukukhula okuthe gqolo kwimfuno, umda omkhulu wokutshintsha indawo

1.1 Inayiloni 66: ukusebenza okuphezulu, kodwa hayi ukwanelisa izixhobo eziluhlaza

Inayiloni ligama eliqhelekileyo le-polyamide okanye i-PA.Ubume bayo beekhemikhali bubonakaliswe kubukho bamaqela e-amide aphindaphindiweyo (-[NHCO]-) kwikhonkco eliphambili le-molecule.Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zenayiloni, ezinokuthi zohlulwe zibe yi-aliphatic PA, i-aliphatic-aromatic PA kunye ne-PA enevumba elimnandi ngokwesakhiwo se-monomer, apho i-aliphatic PA ifumaneka ngokubanzi, iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye isetyenziswe kwizicelo ezininzi, ngakumbi. inayiloni yesi-6 kunye nenayiloni engama-66 phakathi kweenayiloni ze-aliphatic.

Inayiloni ineempawu ezintle ezijikeleze yonke indawo, kubandakanya iipropathi zoomatshini, ukumelana nobushushu, ukuxhathisa kwe-abrasion, ukumelana neekhemikhali kunye nokuzithambisa, kwaye ine-coefficient ephantsi ye-friction, i-flame retardancy kunye nokusebenza ngokulula.Nangona kunjalo, inayiloni ikwanazo nezingeloncedo ezifana nokufunxwa kwamanzi aphezulu, ukuncipha kobushushu, ukuguquguquka okulula kweemveliso kunye nobunzima bokudiliza, okufuna ukuguqulwa kokusetyenziswa ukuphucula ukusebenza kwayo ngokubanzi.

Zintathu izinto ezisetyenziswayo kwinayiloni: 1) umsonto wenayiloni yoluntu: unokudityaniswa okanye usongwe ngokupheleleyo kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo zonyango nezinithiweyo.Imicu yenayiloni isetyenziswa kakhulu kumzi mveliso wokunitha kunye nesilika, njengokunitha iikawusi ze-monofilament, iikawusi zesilika ezilastiki kunye nezinye iintlobo zeekawusi zenayiloni ezinganxiliyo, iisarong zenylon, inethi zeengcongconi, iileyisi zenayiloni, iimpahla zangaphandle zenayiloni ezilastiki, iintlobo ngeentlobo zesilika yenayiloni okanye iimveliso zesilika eziphothiweyo.Iintsinga zenayiloni ezisisiseko zidityaniswe noboya okanye ezinye iintsinga zekhemikhali ukwenza iintlobo ngeentlobo zempahla enzima.2) Umsonto wenayiloni yoshishino: Kwishishini, inayiloni isetyenziswa ngobuninzi ukwenza intambo yamatayara, ilaphu lemizi-mveliso, iintambo, amabhanti okuhambisa, iintente, iminatha yokuloba, njl. Emkhosini, isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiparashute nezinye iimveliso zeparashute.3Iimveliso eziqhelekileyo zizii-impellers zempompo, ii-fan blades, izihlalo zevalvu, i-bushings, iibheringi, iipaneli zezixhobo ezahlukeneyo, izixhobo zombane zemoto, iivalve zomoya oshushu kunye obandayo kunye nezinye iindawo.

Eyona nylon isetyenziswa kakhulu yinayiloni 6 kunye nenayiloni 66, nangona ukusebenza kunye neendawo zokusetyenziswa zinokudibana okukhulu, kodwa xa sithelekisa, inayiloni 66 yomelele, ukuxhathisa kakuhle kokunxiba, ukuziva okuthambileyo, ukusebenza ngcono ngokubanzi, kodwa kubhibhile, akukho lula ukuyifaka umbala kwaye ixabiso liphezulu kuneyiloni 6. Inayiloni 6 ayinamandla kangako, ithambile, ukuxhathisa ukunxiba kubi kune-nylon 66, xa udibana namaqondo obushushu aphantsi ebusika, kulula ukuba yi-brittle, ixabiso lihlala liphantsi kune-nylon 66, indleko-esebenzayo.Ixabiso lihlala lingaphantsi kunelo lenylon 66, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ingabizi kakhulu.Ke ngoko, inayiloni 6 ineengenelo ezithe chatha kwibala lelaphu loluntu, kwaye inayiloni 66 ineengenelo ezithe chatha kwisililika yeshishini kunye neplasitiki yobunjineli, ngakumbi kumzantsi weNayiloni 66 kwintsimi yeemoto, inayiloni 66 ingasetyenziswa kwiimeko ezininzi. ngaphezu kwenayiloni 6.

Ngokuphathelele unikezelo kunye neepateni zemfuno, inayiloni 6 kunye nenayiloni 66 nazo zahluke kakhulu.Okokuqala, ubungakanani borhwebo lwenayiloni 6 bukhulu kunolo lwenayiloni 66, kunye nemfuno ebonakalayo yeetshiphusi zenayiloni ezi-6 eChina ezifikelela kwi-3.2 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2018, xa kuthelekiswa neetoni ezingama-520,000 zenayiloni 66. I-caprolactam ye-raw material ikwazi ukuzimela, kunye nesantya sokuzimela se-nylon 6 sifikelela ngaphezu kwe-91% kunye ne-caprolactam 93%;nangona kunjalo, izinga lokuzanelisa kwenayiloni 66 yi-64% kuphela, ngelixa ukuxhomekeka kwamanye amazwe kwi-caprolactam yemathiriyeli ekrwada enyukayo kuphezulu njenge-100%.Ngokwembono yokutshintshwa kwangaphandle, umda wokutshintshwa kwenayiloni 66 kushishino lwenayiloni ngokucacileyo mkhulu kakhulu kunalowo wenayiloni 6. Le ngxelo igxininisa kwimpembelelo enokubakho yonikezelo, imfuno kunye nobuchwepheshe benayiloni 66 kunye nemathiriyeli ekrwada enyukayo. , adiponitrile, kwi-ecology yoshishino.

I-Nylon 66 ifunyenwe kwi-polycondensation ye-adipic acid kunye ne-adipic diamine kwi-1: 1 ye-molar ratio.Iasidi yeAdipic iveliswa ngokubanzi yihydrogenation yebenzene esulungekileyo elandelwa yioxidation nge nitric acid.Itekhnoloji yemveliso ye-adipic acid e-China ikhulile kwaye kukho umthamo ogqithisileyo.

Ngo-2018, imfuno ebonakalayo ye-adipic acid e-China yayiyi-340,000 yeetoni kwaye imveliso yelizwe yayiyi-310,000 yeetoni, kunye nesantya sokuzimela ngaphezu kwe-90%.Nangona kunjalo, imveliso yefektri ye-hexamethylene diamine iphantse isekelwe kwi-hydrogenation ye-adiponitrile, okwangoku ingeniswe e-China, ngoko ke imboni ye-nylon 66 ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwi-giants yangaphandle ye-adiponitrile.Ukuqwalasela urhwebo olusondeleyo lweteknoloji ye-adiponitrile yasekhaya, sikholelwa ukuba ukutshintshwa kwe-adiponitrile ngaphandle kwe-adiponitrile kuya kukhokelela kwiinguqu ezinzulu kwishishini le-nylon 66 kwiminyaka ezayo.

1.2 Inayiloni ye-66 yokubonelela kunye nemfuno: i-oligopoly kunye nokuxhomekeka okuphezulu kwamanye amazwe

Ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwe-nylon 66 e-China yayiziitoni ezingama-520,000 ngo-2018, kubalwa malunga ne-23% yokusetyenziswa kwehlabathi lonke.Iiplastiki zezobuNjineli zibalelwa kuma-49%, imisonto yemizi-mveliso ibe yi-34%, imisonto ye-civil ibe yi-13% nezinye izicelo eziyi-4%.Iiplastiki zobunjineli zezona zisezantsi kwinayiloni 66, malunga ne-47% yeeplastiki zobunjineli zenayiloni ezingama-66 ezisetyenziswa kushishino lweemoto, zilandelwa ngumbane nombane (28%) kunye nothutho lukaloliwe (25%).

Iimoto ziyaqhubeka nokuba ngoyena mqhubi wemfuno yenayiloni 66, ngokugxila okukhulayo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwamafutha kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezithuthi eziqhuba ukuthanda iiplastiki ezinobunzima obulula ngaphezu kweentsimbi ekukhetheni izixhobo ngabavelisi beemoto.Inayiloni 66 yimathiriyeli ekhaphukhaphu eneempawu ezibalaseleyo zobushushu, iyenza ibe lukhetho oludumileyo kubenzi beemoto kwaye isetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo ze-automotive powertrain.Iingxowa zomoya zikwayeyona ndawo iphambili yokusetyenziswa kwenayiloni 66 imicu yoshishino.Imfuno ebanzi evela kumzi mveliso weemoto kulindeleke ukuba ikhuthaze ukukhula kwemarike enayiloni engama-66.

Inayiloni 66 ikwasetyenziswa kwimveliso yombane kunye ne-electronic insulating parts, ichaneka izixhobo ze-electronics, izibane zombane, ii-rice cookers, ii-hoovers zombane, izifudumezi zokutya ze-elektroniki, njl. ukuveliswa kweebhokisi ze-junction, iiswitshi kunye nezichasi.Inayiloni eyi-66 e-retardant yomlilo ikwasetyenziswa kwimveliso yeekliphu zocingo lwemenyu, izigcina-ntloko kunye namaqhina okugxilwa kuwo.

Uloliwe yindawo yesithathu enkulu yokusetyenziswa kweeplastiki zobunjineli zenayiloni ezingama-66.Ifayibha yeglasi eyomeleziweyo yenayiloni engu-66 yomelele, ilula, iyaxhathisa, iyaxhathisa, ikwazi ukubunjwa, kulula ukuyibumba, ilungiselwe ukuqina, imozulu kunye nokugquma, kwaye isetyenziswa ngakumbi kumzila kaloliwe ohamba ngesantya esiphezulu nakumashishini akwimetro.

Ishishini le-nayiloni 66 lineempawu ze-oligopoly, kunye nemveliso yehlabathi ye-nayiloni ye-66 igxininiswe kakhulu kumashishini amakhulu afana ne-INVISTA kunye ne-Shenma, ngoko ke imiqobo yokungena iphezulu kakhulu, ngakumbi kwicandelo lempahla ekrwada elinyukayo kwikhonkco loshishino.Kwicala lemfuno, nangona izinga lokukhula kwamashishini eengubo zehlabathi kunye neTshayina kunye neenqwelo-mafutha ziya kuhla ngo-2018-2019, kwixesha elide sikholelwa ukuba ukunyuka kwamandla okusetyenziswa kwabantu kunye nokwanda kobunini bemoto nganye kuya kuzisa. indawo eninzi yemfuno yempahla yangaphandle kunye neemoto.Inayiloni engama-66 kulindeleke ukuba igcine ukukhula okuzinzileyo kule minyaka imbalwa izayo, kwaye kunikwe ipateni yangoku yokubonelela, kukho indawo eninzi yokutshintshwa kwe-China.